基于红外相机技术对佛坪国家级自然保护区 大熊猫季节性空间分布与活动模式的研究

2015年1月至2017年12月,在陕西佛坪国家级自然保护区海拔1 200~2 500 m的57条大熊猫(Ailuropodamelanoleuca)活动频繁的巡护样线上,布设130台红外相机。累计红外相机有效工作日100 685 d,共拍摄到大熊猫有效独立照片1 831张。将红外相机拍摄的有效照片和相机工作日依据不同竹种类型及保护站归类,对大熊猫季节性空间分布与活动模式进行研究。结果表明:(1)大熊猫春季活动最为频繁,在巴山木竹(Bashania fargesii)林和秦岭箭竹(Fargesia qinlingensis)林中相对多度分别是2.89和3.72;其次是冬季,在巴山木竹林和秦岭箭竹林中的相对多度分别是2.95和2.74。3月份是其活动高峰,巴山木竹林和秦岭箭竹林中的相对多度指数都是最高;11、12和1月份,大熊猫在巴山木竹林中相对多度指数高于秦岭箭竹林;2至10月份,大熊猫在秦岭箭竹林中的相对多度指数都要高于巴山木竹林。(2)大熊猫在佛坪保护区各个保护站均有分布,且存在季节性空间分布差异。三官庙和西河保护站全年的12个月都能够捕获到大熊猫的身影,是大熊猫分布相对多度最高的两个区域,大古坪、岳坝和龙潭子3个保护站海拔较低,大熊猫主要集中在冬春季节活动;凉风垭保护站海拔较高,主要分布的是秦岭箭竹林,大熊猫主要在夏季活动。(3)干扰活动主要包括采集、放牧、旅游、家犬活动和监测5种类型。干扰活动类型在各个保护站存在差异,且多为零星干扰,对大熊猫的活动和分布存在一定影响。本研究较为全面地调查了佛坪国家级自然保护区大熊猫季节性活动动态和区域性分布状况,调查结果可为后期的保护管理提供有效的参考依据。     

Dietary zinc intake,supplemental zinc intake and serum zinc levels and the prevalence of kidney stones in adults

ObjectiveThe association between zinc intake and the risk of kidney stones remains controversial. We examined the associations between dietary zinc intake, supplemental zinc intake and serum zinc levels and the prevalence of kidney stones in adults.MethodsAdult participants from the 2007–2016 NHANES were included. Restricted cubic splines were adopted to assess the dose-response relationships.ResultsDietary zinc intake was linearly associated with the prevalence of kidney stones (P_{for non-linearity} = 0.50), and the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of kidney stones were 0.75 (0.51–1.04) for 10 mg/day, 0.65 (0.39-0.97) for 20 mg/day, 0.53 (0.30-0.94) for 30 mg/day and 0.45 (0.22-0.95) for 40 mg/day. The linear relationship was also observed among women and overweight/obese individuals. No association was found between supplemental zinc intake and the prevalence of kidney stones. A non-linear relationship was found between serum zinc levels and the prevalence of kidney stones (P_{for non-linearity} = 0.02), and the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of kidney stones were 0.52 (0.33-0.82) for 70 ug/dL, 0.43 (0.24-0.77) for 90 ug/dL, 0.56 (0.32-0.98) for 110 ug/dL and 0.77 (0.37–1.62) for 130 ug/dL. The non-linear relationship was also observed among men and overweight/obese individuals.ConclusionsDietary zinc intake and serum zinc levels were inversely associated with the prevalence of kidney stones in adults, and there may be effect modification by participant sex and body mass index. The present analysis is limited in its ability to establish causality.     

Energy dynamics in the C4 species dominated montane subtropical grassland at Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the Western Ghats, India

The energy dynamics in Thiashola grassland, a montane subtropical vegetation in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the Western Ghats, India is studied for a period of one year. The study revealed that the energy content in unit biomass of C₃ and C₄ species has not varied significantly. However, the C₄ species in total due to higher net primary production, entrapped 8.5 times greater solar energy (28.82 kcal/m²/day) than that of their C₃ counterparts. Of the total energy fixed, the C₃ and C₄ species, respectively channeled 4.07 kcal/m²/day and 13.3 kcal/m²/day to the aboveground standing live compartment. The transfer rate of energy to standing dead compartment from standing live part were 3.22 kcal/m²/day and 10.36 kcal/m²/day for C₃ and C₄ species, respectively and both the C₃ and C₄ together transferred 4.81 kcal/m²/day of energy from standing dead to litter compartment. The total dissipation of energy from the system is determined to be 4401.11 kcal/m²/yr and the surplus quantity of 38.37% of energy is accumulated in the aboveground parts of both C₃ and C₄ species which indicates the availability of substantial amount of energetic fodder to the wild herbivores in the Thiashola grassland.     

江西阳际峰自然保护区陆生贝类物种多样性

2007年11月～2008年5月调查了江西阳际峰自然保护区陆生贝类资源,共采得陆生贝类47种(含2个未定种),隶属13科27属,其中16种为江西省陆生贝类新纪录种.区系分析表明,该保护区陆生贝类以东洋界成分为主,占种类总数的63.83%.其优势种为墙草真管螺和同型巴蜗牛.分析11个采集点生物多样性指数结果表明,Margalef丰富度指数(dMA)范围为0～6.2345;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数( H ′)范围为0～3.5676;Pielou均匀度指数( Jsw )范围为0～1.3610.环境越复杂,种类组成越丰富;物种分布越均匀的地区,陆生贝类多样性指数就越高.     

乌岩岭国家级自然保护区种子植物区系的特征分析

乌岩岭国家级自然保护区地处亚热带,气候温暖湿润。该地区植物种类丰富,共有野生种子植物134科、578属、1197种;根据地史资料和自然条件,通过对种子植物种类的组成和分布区类型的分析,认为该区系起源古老,区系成分复杂;珍稀特有植物多,如南方红豆杉、钟萼木、香果树、福建柏、榧树、闽楠、花榈木等大量古老树种,并且绝大多数具有重要的经济价值和科研价值;区内578属可分为14个类型,热带和温带分布的属分别占48．6％和49．2％（不包括世界分布类型）,具较明显的南北过渡的现象,与世界各地有广泛的联系。这些区系特征与本区古老的地质和优越的水热条件密切相关。     

广西木论自然保护区铁榄群落主要乔木种群格局的分形特征

为了揭示种群空间分布特征随尺度的变化规律,探讨不同种群对空间资源的占据能力和生态适应能力及分形差异,采用计盒维数、信息维数和关联维数对木论自然保护区铁榄群落主要乔木种群格局特征进行了研究。结果表明,优势种铁榄（Sinosideroxylon pedunculatum）、东女贞（Ligustrum japonicum）、小栾树（Boniodendron minius）、稀有濒危种掌叶木（Handeliodendron bodinieri）、青檀（Pteroceltis tatarinowii）5个种群在相应的尺度具有明显的分形特征;计盒维数和信息维数大小顺序一致,均为：铁榄〉东女贞〉小栾树〉掌叶木〉青檀;在5个种群中,铁榄计盒维数为1．7763最大,接近2,对空间环境的占据能力最强,信息维数（1．7206）也最大,个体聚集强度强,在群落中处于绝对优势地位,青檀计盒维数（0．8316）和信息维数（0．8990）最小,对环境的占据利用能力弱,个体聚集程度整体较弱,在群落中处于伴生地位;在0．5～50m的尺度上,关联维数大小顺序为：铁榄（1．7314）〉东女贞（1．6688）〉小栾树（1．6050）〉青檀（0．7868）,而掌叶木只有在大的尺度上才出现关联,且关联较强。3个分形维数大小的不同组合,能够全面揭示不同种群格局特征和种群在群落中所处地位的差异。     

新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区植物的生态分组

应用列联表的χ~2检验和Spearman相关系数研究了艾比湖湿地自然保护区植物的种间联结性和相关性.依据测定结果,将艾比湖湿地自然保护区的植物划分为4个生态种组:梭梭+盐节木+白麻+盐爪爪+琵琶柴+碱蓬+花花柴+骆驼刺+绢蒿+白刺+芦苇、小獐茅+多枝柽柳+滨藜+小叶碱蓬+盐豆木+鹅绒藤+盐穗木、胡杨+白梭梭、奶浆草+甘草+西北天门冬+赖草+罗布麻.各生态种组内,物种间具备最大的种问联结性和相关性.长期的演替过程使各生态种组对生境有最大的适应能力,各自分别生活于过渡带的盐化平原低地、湖滨盐沼地、荒漠和荒漠优势种间的阳斑.今后在艾比湖湿地自然保护区植物的保护和恢复中,以整个生态种组的角度出发较单个植物的保护和恢复更为有效.     

Pollination in Jacaranda rugosa (Bignoniaceae): euglossine pollinators, nectar robbers and low fruit set

Nectar robbers access floral nectar in illegitimate flower visits without, in general, performing a pollination service. Nevertheless, their effect on fruit set can be indirectly positive if the nectar removal causes an incremental increase in the frequency of legitimate flower visits of effective pollinators, especially in obligate outcrossers. We studied pollination and the effect of nectar robbers on the reproductive fitness of Jacaranda rugosa , an endemic shrub of the National Park of Catimbau, in the Caatinga of Pernambuco, Brazil. Xenogamous J . rugosa flowers continuously produced nectar during the day at a rate of 1 μl·h⁻¹. Female and male Euglossa melanotricha were the main pollinators. Early morning flower visits substantially contributed to fruit set because stigmas with open lobes were almost absent in the afternoon. Ninety-nine per cent of the flowers showed damage caused by nectar robbers. Artificial addition of sugar water prolonged the duration of flower visits of legitimate flower visitors. Removal of nectar, simulating the impact of nectar robbers, resulted in shorter flower visits of euglossine bees. While flower visits of nectar-robbing carpenter bees ( Xylocopa frontalis , X . grisescens, X . ordinaria) produced only a longitudinal slit in the corolla tube in the region of the nectar chamber, worker bees of Trigona spinipes damaged the gynoecium in 92% of the flowers. This explains the outstandingly low fruit set (1.5%) of J. rugosa in the National Park of Catimbau.     

A new cost‐distance model for human accessibility and an evaluation of accessibility bias in permanent vegetation plots in Great Smoky Mountains National Park,USA

Question: Can a new cost‐distance model help us to evaluate the potential for accessibility bias in ecological observations? How much accessibility bias is present in the vegetation monitoring plots accumulated over the last three decades in Great Smoky Mountains National Park? Location: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and Tennessee, USA. Methods: Distance, slope, stream crossings, and vegetation density were incorporated into a least‐cost model of energetic expenditure for human access to locations. Results: Estimated round‐trip energy costs for the park ranged from 0 to 1.62 × 10⁵ J kg^?1. The estimated round‐trip energetic expenditure for the surveys ranged from 53 to 1.51 × 10⁵ J kg^?1. Their distribution was more accessible than the random expectation. Ten (17%) of the vegetation types in the park are significantly under‐sampled relative to their area, and 16 (29%) are over‐sampled. Plots in 18 of the 40 vegetation types exhibited a significant positive correlation with accessibility. Conclusions: The least‐cost model is an improvement over previous attempts to quantify accessibility. The bias in plot locations suggests using a least‐cost model to test for bias in cases in which human accessibility is confounded with other sources of ecosystem variation.     

陕西青木川国家级自然保护区脊椎动物 物种多样性现状和保护成效

野生动物资源本底是自然保护区开展生物多样性有效管理的基础。为了掌握脊椎动物资源现状和评估保护成效,在2017和2018年,利用样线法和红外相机陷阱法等方法,对陕西青木川国家级自然保护区脊椎动物资源进行了实地调查,并采用专家打分法对该保护区保护成效进行赋值评估。结果表明：（1）青木川自然保护区现已记录野生脊椎动物342种,隶属5纲32目91科233属,其中,国家I级、II级重点保护野生动物分别为10种和41种;与2002年保护区建立初期相比,增加了4目9科46属83种,其中,鸟类物种数增加最多,达55种,两栖类仅增加1种。（2）青木川镇游客总量从2009年的5万余人次/年,发展到2017年的162万人次/年,保护区外围的旅游开发对该保护区脊椎动物及栖息地均有一定的潜在影响。（3）过去30年内土地利用模式变化明显,2001年未建立保护区时,该区域农业用地面积约占总面积的33%,建立保护区后至2018年,农业用地仅占保护区总面积的1%,使得区域内脊椎动物的栖息地面积显著增加。（4）保护区的保护成效显著,主要干扰因素发生变化,表现为保护区脊椎动物物种总数明显增加,栖息地适宜性和区域完整性显著增强,主要干扰因素类型已由早期的农林牧渔活动转变为现在的外围旅游开发。